Extra group copulation in Alouatta caraya (Primates, Atelidae) living on an island of urban forest from southeast São Paulo, Brazil

Extra group copulations are rarely observed among the Alouatta genus, which lives in a fragmented area in Brazil. Here, we describe the second extra group copulation in A. caraya in literature, which was the first from Brazil. This happened in the southeast urban island forest, which measures 25 ha. In this forest there are two troops: one of them with thirteen howlers and the other with four. These howlers may be extinct in a few years since in the region there is only 3.89 % of native forests and high anthropic action due to agribusiness. We discuss the possible issues that led to the extra group copulation.(AU)

Cópulas extra grupo raramente são observados em animais do gênero Alouatta, que vivem em áreas fragmentadas do Brasil. Aqui, descrevemos a segunda cópula extra grupo em A. caraya na literatura, que foi a primeira do Brasil. Isso aconteceu na floresta ilha urbana sudeste, que mede 25 ha. Nesta floresta existem dois bandos: um deles com treze bugios e o outro com quatro. Estes bugios podem ser extintos em poucos anos, uma vez que na região há apenas 3,89% de florestas nativas e alta ação antrópica, devido ao agronegócio. Nós discutimos os possíveis aspectos que levaram à cópula extra grupo.(AU)

Extra group copulation in alouatta caraya (primates, atelidae) living on an island of urban forest from southeast São Paulo, Brazil

Extra group copulations are rarely observed among the Alouatta genus, which lives in a fragmented area in Brazil. Here, we describe the second extra group copulation in A. caraya in literature, which was the first from Brazil. This happened in the southeast urban island forest, which measures 25 ha. In this forest there are two troops: one of them with thirteen howlers and the other with four. These howlers may be extinct in a few years since in the region there is only 3.89 % of native forests and high anthropic action due to agribusiness. We discuss the possible issues that led to the extra group copulation.

Cópulas extra grupo raramente são observados em animais do gênero Alouatta, que vivem em áreas fragmentadas do Brasil. Aqui, descrevemos a segunda cópula extra grupo em A. caraya na literatura, que foi a primeira do Brasil. Isso aconteceu na floresta ilha urbana sudeste, que mede 25 ha. Nesta floresta existem dois bandos: um deles com treze bugios e o outro com quatro. Estes bugios podem ser extintos em poucos anos, uma vez que na região há apenas 3,89% de florestas nativas e alta ação antrópica, devido ao agronegócio. Nós discutimos os possíveis aspectos que levaram à cópula extra grupo.

A case of infant swapping by wild northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus).

Allo-parenting has been observed in a variety of female primates, and typically infants are reunited with their biological mothers assuming that their mothers are alive. We observed an exception to this pattern when two wild northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) exchanged infants of different sexes and then reared their adopted infants through weaning. The process of this exchange began when the infants were 4 and 8 days old, respectively. The mother of a 4-day old female carried and nursed her own daughter and the 8-day old son of a second female. The exchange ended when the second mother was first observed carrying the wrong infant 1.5 days later. This observation raises questions about the age and mechanisms of mother-infant recognition in this species, and about assumptions of mother-infant relatedness based on behavioral observations alone.